Prostitution Sociology - 1973 Words

In terms of sociology, Prostitution is a way for an individual to maximize their monetary intake or in other words â€Å"benefits† by selling the thing that they have readily, their bodies. In other words, it is the act or practice of participating in promiscuous sexual activity especially for money. Prostitution has been in existence for ages, going back to the Byzantine, Roman, Greek, and Egyptian Empires. Ironically, the ancient religions of those eras dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is not about to disappear anytime soon, despite relatively recent local laws. Also throughout centuries,†¦show more content†¦After the Escorts comes the Bar girls/boys who are hustlers, strippers and table dancers that work in night clubs, bars and strip joints primarily. Then comes the house girls that work in brothels which would run by a madam (female recruiter) or a pimp (male recruiter); they have very little to no freedom in selecting their client and cannot turn down a customer. After that come the bottom two classes – street-walkers and drug-addicts. The street-walkers are prostitute work at a specific location and in open street and dress very provocatively to entice their customers. The bottom tier, drug-addicts are man or woman who would have sex with others just to have drugs or money to buy drugs. These five ranks also determines how much freedom and options you have and the entry and exit in the sex industry; the higher the rank the hard to enter and easy to quit while it remains the opposite in the lower rank. The higher rank prostitutes also have more protection and security than the lower rank ones and there are more violent events (rape, death etc) in the lower rank than the higher rank that have an established business with higher and exclusive clientele. Despite it’s danger and the cultural taboo condemning it, in the documentary Prostitution: the oldest trade, where several prostitutes were interviewed on how they feel aboutShow MoreRelatedSociology of Prostitution Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesProstitution is one topic in which the causes have been debated by many. There are three theories that I will discuss throughout this paper. The theories include a functionalist, feminist, and social psychological view of the subject. The argument that appears more correct is a matter of opinion. The functionalists believe there are two main reasons why a person would become a prostitute. The first reason deals with sexual morality. To break it down further the argument is that our sexual moralityRead MoreA Research Paper On Women And Crime1111 Words   |  5 PagesRESEARCH PAPER IN SOCIOLOGY 1 SOCI/WGST 3P82: Women and Crime Student Name: Mary Ajudua Student #: 5359559 Instructor/Teacher’s Assistant: Dr. Natasha Tusikov Due Date: October 19Read MoreCauses and Effects of Prostitution757 Words   |  4 PagesA. Prostitution in the Philippines 1. Propagation of prostitution during the time of the Spanish Colonization in the Philippines ïÆ'Ëœ The rape of native women by the Spaniards created a reserve of â€Å"fallen† women who became available to service not only the homesick Spanish troops and dignities, but also the friars. ïÆ'Ëœ By the 19th century, prostitution was an occupation for women in Manila. 2. Prostitution during the time of the American Occupation in the Philippines ïÆ'Ëœ The outbreak of the Philippine-AmericanRead MoreSex Trafficking As A Crime And The Legalizing Of Prostitution1389 Words   |  6 Pages Sex Trafficking as a crime and the legalizing of prostitution Sex trafficking is defined as forced labor or human slavery. Prostitution is defined as the act of offering one s self for hire to engage in sexual relations. Sex trafficking is a severe problem globally, even right here in the United States. While any form of slavery is unjustifiable, human trafficking has been going on for centuries. However, increased awareness of this issue has brought more mindfulness to the situation andRead MoreShould the United States Legalize Prostitution? Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution in its legal sense is defined as sexual intercourse of some kind in exchange for some kind of payment, usually money (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx 665; Perer 826).As of 2013, there are an estimated 1 million to 2 million prostitutes active in the world wide sex work industry today (Adriaenssens and Hendrickx 666). Prostitution is illegal in the United States; however, many experts think that should change. Most European and Asian countries have legalized pros titution (Agustà ­n 74). SomeRead MoreProstitution Is A Sensitive, Hot, And Controversial Topic Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution could be considered as one of the oldest commerce format. Even in the early 2400 BC, according to the Sumerian Records, the female and male prostitutions or transvestite entertainers were mentions for the first time. Then the Hammurabi’s Code also mentioned rights of a prostitute or child of a prostitute in the Six of Hammurabi’s 282 codes (Codes 178-80, 187, 192, 193). As the most basic demand of human beings, the legalization of prostitution is always a sensitive, hot, and controversialRead MoreThe Worlds Oldest Profession1574 Words   |  7 Pagesstates â€Å"Prostitution is the world s oldest profession†. Some find this statement true but there are many advocates groups who are fighting to end this profession. In this paper we will explore the history, the business side, the players who are involve in the world of pro stitution and how it is related to sex trafficking. Also the different factors that are involve and how the government trying defeat this epidemic. Pipeline to prostitution Bring awareness, provide the true facts of prostitution, theRead MoreIn the 21st century, significant researchers, organizations and policy makers are advocating the1600 Words   |  7 Pageswhich subtle signs are not considered sufficient evidence (Hocking Muthu, 2012). In other words, current legislation refuses to recognize sex workers in debt bondage to be considered sexual slaves. However, abolitionists and anti-prostitution advocates argue that prostitution is the pull factor by the destination country that leads to sex trafficking and inevitably sex slavery and exploitation (Hoyle, et al., 2011; O’Brien, 2011). Supporting this argument is Carson’s (2011) analysis on policies showingRead MoreJames Wait. Hoetker. Ap Literature. 21 December 2016. (Insert1775 Words   |  8 PagesJames Wait Hoetker AP Literature 21 December 2016 (Insert Title) In a decade that will be surely known as one of grand feminist success it seems worthwhile mentioning that prostitution is a new feminist issue. According to â€Å"Women Have the Rights† many sex workers and feminist activists see the decriminalization of prostitution as a human rights initiative for women to regain control over their bodies. These third wave feminists find sex an issue that should be more widely discussed. Large leaps inRead MoreCanadian Prostitution : The Practice Of Exchanging Money For Sexual Services1807 Words   |  8 PagesCanadian prostitution, the practice of exchanging money for sexual services† (Shaver, 2011) originally started in the 1800’s, and has never been an illegal act Canada. However, the dangers of the job, and safety risks these women are exposed to have always been prevalent on Canadian streets. The most common form of prostitution when the trade was established was off street prostitution. This can be defined as, â€Å"Pr ostitution that is issued out of escort agencies, massage parlours, private residences

Human Impact on the Natural Environment Case study The world’s Tropical rainforests Free Essays

They are found around the equator between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. They run in a belt from west – east. The landmass of tropical forest is very extensive, it covers 7% of all the worlds land. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Impact on the Natural Environment Case study: The world’s Tropical rainforests or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is trans continental; it covers 4 continents South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The Rainforest Environment: The Amazon rejoins of South America (Amozonia) Population density is number of people by area of land Population density = number of people/ are of land Brazil population = 150500000 Land area = 8361111 km2 population density =18 people per km2 U.K population = 56000000 Land area = 244602 km2 population density = 229 people per km2 Amazonian population = 6000000 Land area = 2000000 population density = 3 people per km2 A Comparative Analysis of population for the 3 areas? Brazil is a much bigger population and a massive amount of land so there are a lot of people living in a large amount of land that is why the population density is so low. The U.K has a large population but a small amount of lad it is very densely populated that is why the population density is so high. Amazonian has a small population and a large amount of land it is very sparsely population that is why the population density is so very low. You can read also Costco Case Study The Tropical Rainforest climate compared to our own (London and England) The range of temperature is the amount of degrees between the lowest temperature and the highest. (1) The annual rainfall for Manus is 1811mm this is about three times as much rain as London receives 600mm London has a very fixed amount of rainfall over the year and Manus has an extremly varied amount of rainfall over the year. (2) Manus has a very high average temperature at about 28oc this is about three times the temperature of londons at 11oc. (3) Manus has a very small range of temperature 2oc this shows no fixed seasons with temperature because there is very little change London’s is seven times bigger a 11oc this shows that the temperature is not fixed this is show by the four seasons winter spring autumn and summer, in June, July and August the temperasture is at its highest showing summer. (4) Manus has only 2 distinct seasons the wet and the dry season because the temperature is the same all year round from November to May it rains very hevily about 200 mm from june to april it is relitivly dry about 50mm. (5) The rainfall in Manus is very heavy most of the year except of 3 months it is not fixed; in London the rain is a similar amount all year round. Vegetation and Daily Weather Conditions Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System In the rain forest the water is evaporated during the day and by 3 o’clock it starts to rain this is covectional rainfall. This make the forest vegitation very dense and not much light reaches the forest floor, becase it is some warm and wet if anything fall to the floor it starts to decompose quickly, There are 4 layers in a rain forest the top layer is the Emergents these are 45 meters high they are close together and stop some light passing through the there is the main canopy at 30 meters this stops more light and then at 25 meters there is the under canopy this stops more light then there are the shrubs at 5 meters this stops more light, so there is not very much light at the floor. The trees in the tropical rainforest are deciduous but the forest remains evergreen. Why? There are constant high temperatures, this means that there are no seasons like winter when the tress lose there leaves, the tress lose their leaves at different times in the year so it looks like the forest is evergreen. How to cite Human Impact on the Natural Environment Case study: The world’s Tropical rainforests, Free Case study samples

Aged Care Nursing

Question: Write an Essay Discussing and Analysing the Professional Attributes and Scope of Practice that Differentiates the Specialty Nurse in Aged Care. Answer: Aged care nursing is considered to be a dignified area of nursing as it revolves around addressing the complex needs of older patients in a safe environment. An aged care nurse is responsible for providing care to elderly people in nursing homes, hospitals, residential care units and home care service (Clark et al., 2014). The present essay discusses and analyses the professional attributes and scope of practice that differentiates the speciality nurse in aged care. The essay illustrates the roles and responsibilities that an aged care nurse has to demonstrate within the area of practice. It also identifies the additional education and training required for being an expert in this field. The essay is guided by the NMBA Competencies for Registered Nurses relating to aged care. Aged care nursing is gaining more demand in the contemporary era due to a fast ageing population in the country and their diverse healthcare needs. The career path of an aged care nurse is interesting, engaging and challenging. In order to work as an aged care nurses, one must be a Registered Nurse who is a regulated health professional under Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and has a registration under the Nursing Board. For becoming a registered nurse, one has to pass the three years Bachelor of Nursing degree. These nurses can then pursue post graduate degree qualification that specialises in aged care, like Graduate Certificate, Graduate Diploma, Masters and Clinical Doctoral. These courses enable the registered to nurse to attain the desired expertise and skills in an aged care facility. The baseline for preparation for becoming an aged care nurses is, therefore, a degree as a registered nurse (Clark et al., 2013). An aged care nurse is to provide physical, emotional and personal support to older patients who require medical interventions and support for daily activities of living. Providing assistance to the patients for the multi-faceted functions of life is the key responsibility of such a nurse. The level of assistance provided is dependent on the health and emotional well-being of the patient. The jobs that an aged care nurse has to carry out include administration of medicines, monitoring of diets, observations of residents and reporting to the senior management. Another area of responsibility is to manage the age-related complications that older patients often face (Dunphy et al., 2015). Aged care nurse has the challenge of working in diverse working conditions since the needs of the geriatric population is significantly different and more complex than the other patient populations. They may be required to work in rotational shifts with more duration of working hours. Often, the duty is stressful and exhausting due to the nature of work done. They also are at risk of safety hazards while engaging with the patients (Peate et al., 2013). Clark et al., (2013) outlines the skills, knowledge and attributes that an aged care nurse must possess. As per the authors, an aged care worker needs to have a supportive and caring attitude. The nurse needs to have a patience and high level of discretion. Moreover, a high level of professionalism is required to work with elderly patients as the working environment may not always be suitable and comfortable to work in. Nurses need to have physical strength and fitness to work in such demanding conditions. An aged care nurse needs to use different tools and equipment like the hoists to move the patient from the bed and swivel cushions for movement from cars. It is pivotal that nurses have the training for handling such equipment and technologies. Familiarity with vehicle modifications is also crucial. Scanlon et al., (2016) describes the professional attributes and qualities that an aged care nurse must possess to accomplish as an aged care professional. An elderly patient is faced with limitations that are liberating at times and humbling at others. A professional caring for the aged patients must be having the knowledge of such changes and provide support at the time of this transition. Apart from empathetic and caring in nature, aged care nurse must have a calm disposition, patience, motivation and positivity, sensitivity, respect towards patience and clear and effective communication skills. Professionals need to dedicate the attention to delivering optimal care services for the patients and avoid the interference of their personal concerns and stress factors into their professionalism. A positive approach is needed as such professionals are responsible for supporting and encouraging patients with enthusiasm and optimism. A culturally safe environment is to be build up in due practice for eliminating language, ethnic and cultural differences. A number of reasons contribute to the vulnerability of the elder patients. Being sensitive and responsiveness to the emotional changes elder patients go through is a key feature of aged care nurses (Cashin et al., 2015). The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia outlines the National competency standards for the registered nurse in Australia, and these standards are applicable for aged care nurses. The competencies required fall under the domains of professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice. The competencies for professional practice implies that a nurse needs to be aware of the legal, ethical and professional responsibilities that are reflected through a demonstration of satisfactory accountability, knowledge level, proper functioning in accordance with the legislations and protection of patients rights. Nurses need to demonstrate critical thinking and critical analysis and consider the value of evidence-based practice. Reflection on own practice and beliefs and feelings is necessary. Coordination is to be extended for assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of care. Lastly, nurses are to establ ish and sustain professional relationships with other professionals and patients. Working in an interdisciplinary team is crucial for effective care delivery (nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2010). At the end, it can be stated that nurses are fundamental to the care delivery in aged care sector. Specialist skills, knowledge, and jest to apply theory into practice are the key attributes of an aged care nurse. Aged care nursing practice offers exciting, rewarding and dynamic work and prosperous career opportunities. Organisations must lend full support so that aged care nurses can utilise their full scope of practice. References Cashin, A., Buckley, T., Donoghue, J., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Cox, D., ... Dunn, S. V. (2015). Development of the nurse practitioner standards for practice Australia.Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice,16(1-2), 27-37. Clark, S. J., Parker, R. M., Davey, R. (2014). Nurse Practitioners in Aged Care Documentary Analysis of Successful Project Proposals.Qualitative health research, 1049732314548691. Clark, S., Parker, R., Prosser, B., Davey, R. (2013). Aged care nurse practitioners in Australia: evidence for the development of their role.Australian Health Review,37(5), 594-601. Dunphy, L. M., Winland-Brown, J., Porter, B., Thomas, D. (2015).Primary Care: Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. FA Davis. National competency standards for the registered nurse. (2010). nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (1st ed.). Peate, I., Wild, K., Nair, M. (2014).Nursing practice: knowledge and care. John Wiley Sons. Scanlon, A., Cashin, A., Bryce, J., Kelly, J. G., Buckely, T. (2016). The complexities of defining nurse practitioner scope of practice in the Australian context.Collegian,23(1), 129-142.

The Catcher In The Rye Essays (572 words) - Literary Realism

The Catcher In The Rye The Catcher in the Rye ?The Catcher in the Rye? highlights the value of innocence. Holden is a teenage boy who finds himself caught between the corruptedness of growing up, and the beauty of staying innocent. Holden's relationship with Phoebe is unparrallel to his relationship with anybody else. She is the most innocent and pure person to him because he understands her, and she too loves him. Holden's desire to be a ?Catcher in the Rye? explains his wanting to protect innocence. To catch those who are innocent before they fall ( or grow up) into corruption and adulthood. Holden's attitude toward the adult world derrives from what he sees people selling out on from his eyes. He notices the way people unfairly treat each other and feels that they are fake. To make matters worse he finds himself staying in New York for a few days long enough to evaluate the type of people he dispises and to appreciate the people he loves. Phoebe is Holden's young sister. They have a close connection and love eachother very much. She is young but in Holden's eyes she is much more intellgent than people her age. She is straightforward and honest. Holden feels that he can talk to her without getting a phony response from her and is fascinated with her personality and in turn wants to protect her from the world that he knows as being corrupt. There is a point when she wants to run away with him but he doesnt allow it. As she insists he screams at her and hurts her feelings, causing her to get angry and begin to ignore him. As time passes they find themselves in a zoo and talking. This shows the close relationship that they have. Also she symbolizes the very thing that is trying to preserve in everything when he notices how innocent she looks having fun on the Caroussel. Holden's desire to be a ?Catcher in the Rye? comes from his wanting to preserve and protect the innocence that children have just like a Catcher protects children from falling off a cliff . He feels that this innocence is very valuble and shouldnt be tampered with or even stolen by the cruelties and dirtiness of the adult world which he has seen. He tries to protect people like Jane Gallagher and Phoebe by not telling Phoebe anything harsh, or by not calling Jane Gallagher for fear that she might have changed. Holden resents the adult world for being fake and insensitive to other people. Its a world of selfishness and un- authentic behaviors that Holden finds disgusting. He sees all the phony people who treat people according to status, or looks. He notices hypocrits and liars. Whats funny is that he himself is a liar, he admitts it and is in a sense proud of it . He lies to amuse himself which brings me to think that he is already growing up and loosing his innocence without even knowing it. ?The Catcher in the Rye? points out alot of things in every day life that people disregard or simply dont notice because they are too involved in their own affairs. The world just appears to be a big lie in the eyes of Holden Caulfield and as a Catcher, wants to stop it from sucking in the pure. Phoniness always wins in the end which is deppressing. I can honestly say that although I didnt like the book all that much, I did realize that I share alot of Holden's views. I think I would be naive if I didnt. Book Reports

Free Essays on Esmeralda Santiago

as her medium, Santiago paints a beautiful picture of her life. I smelled the spices and herbs emanating from the special Puerto Rican dishes her mami prepared. Mesmerized, I watched as her abuela delicately stitched her needlework. We laughed together and cried together, and I allowed my spirit to run free with hers. Santiago writes with such clarity and fierceness that it is impossible for any person not to see, feel and understand what she went through in her remarkable journey. Santiago's unique style is easy to follow. When I read the book, I was immediately hooked and could not stop until I read the last word. The stories are interesting and full of insight. She addresses fears and trials of all people. I especially related to her conflicts with her cultural identity. Anyone who has lived in-between two cultures can relate to her story. Santiago wrote: "When I returned to Puerto Rico after living in New York for seven years, I was told I was no longer Puerto Rican ... In writing the book I wanted to get back to that feeling of Puertoricanness I had before I came here. Its title reflects who I was then, and asks, who am I today?" Santiago's book provides a sense of hope. She is transformed from a co... Free Essays on Esmeralda Santiago Free Essays on Esmeralda Santiago This is a delightfully woven story of immense passion and unconquerable spirit. In this extraordinary autobiography, Santiago, an immigrant to New York from rural Puerto Rico, tells the story of her trials and triumphs, defeats and heart-aches in a unique concoction of vivid sensory detail. Santiago grew up in what her mami calls "savage" conditions, dutifully obeying her parents as they constantly move. Her greatest relocation occurred when a "metal bird" flew her, her mother and two of her siblings to the rough city of New York. This book is the account of the maturing of an extraordinary woman who overcame barriers formed by hate, prejudice, cultural differences, puberty and heartaches to rise triumphantly. Using words as her medium, Santiago paints a beautiful picture of her life. I smelled the spices and herbs emanating from the special Puerto Rican dishes her mami prepared. Mesmerized, I watched as her abuela delicately stitched her needlework. We laughed together and cried together, and I allowed my spirit to run free with hers. Santiago writes with such clarity and fierceness that it is impossible for any person not to see, feel and understand what she went through in her remarkable journey. Santiago's unique style is easy to follow. When I read the book, I was immediately hooked and could not stop until I read the last word. The stories are interesting and full of insight. She addresses fears and trials of all people. I especially related to her conflicts with her cultural identity. Anyone who has lived in-between two cultures can relate to her story. Santiago wrote: "When I returned to Puerto Rico after living in New York for seven years, I was told I was no longer Puerto Rican ... In writing the book I wanted to get back to that feeling of Puertoricanness I had before I came here. Its title reflects who I was then, and asks, who am I today?" Santiago's book provides a sense of hope. She is transformed from a co...

Advertising in Schools Essay Example for Free (#2)

Advertising in Schools Essay ? Although this semester our class has discussed the different types of advertising in the marketplace, one technique that was not discussed is that of advertising in schools. This idea is a growing technique that if conducted the right way, could perhaps benefit not only corporate organizations, but also schools and students. However, there are many critics, along with parents that feel advertising in schools is a horrible idea and could only lead to harm. Many advertisers view children as a profitable three-in-one market. That is, 1) As buyers themselves 2) As influencers of their parents purchases, and 3) As a future adult customer. Every year, children have an estimated $15 billion of their own money, of which they spend $11 billion of it on products such as toys, clothes, candy and snacks. Children also influence at least $160 billion in parental purchases. Generally speaking, today’s children have more money to spend than ever before. Companies know this and find that advertising to the ‘youth of the nation’ can be beneficial and lead to future dedicated customers. Because of the increase in children’s spending power in recent decades, advertisers have closely targeted children as consumers. New advertising strategies aimed at children have been steadily growing and expanding. The toy-related program, or program length commercial (which is just like a infomercial) is developed to sell toys, and stirred public attention and debates. Along with this form of advertising, 900-number telephone services were accused of being aimed at children. In the 1980’s, children got their own TV networks, radio networks, magazines, newspapers, kids’ clothing brands, and other high-price items such as video games and other high-tech products. Other new advertising strategies include kids’ clubs, store displays directed at children, direct mailing to children, and sponsored school activities. At first glance, selling corporate sponsorship rights to pay for school activities looks like a win-win situation. Needy schools get resources they need. Companies get new marketing opportunities that can build brand loyalty. After all, advertising in schools is nothing new. Districts have long used ads from local businesses to help pay the costs of school newspapers, yearbooks, and athletic programs. Even here at CBU our athletic department sells ads for ‘Sports Media Guides’ to local institutions as well as national organizations. A growing number of companies are offering schools money for a chance to market their products directly to students. As budgets shrink, schools must find ways to get extra funding. Many schools are doing away with fund-raising and have begun to look at corporate dollars to fund just about everything. Signing contracts with these companies seems like an easy way to get the money they need. Schools need funding for in-school activities and equipment, and, in order to reduce the number of children going home to empty houses, they need to fund many after-school activities. Product advertisements can be found almost everywhere in schools. They are most frequently found in stadiums, gymnasiums, school cafeterias, hallways, and on textbook covers. Some schools across the nation are even putting advertisements on school buses. So what types of advertising are out there in our schools? There are different categories that ads can fall into. The following categories can represent most the advertising techniques used in our schools today and give a description of how they work. Types of Advertising 1) In-school advertisements In-school ads are forms of advertising that can be found on billboards, on school buses, on scoreboards, in school hallways, in soft drink machines, or on sports uniforms. This type of advertising is also found in product coupons and in give-aways that are given to students. 2) â€Å"Exclusive rights† contracts A company gives money to schools that carry ONLY their products. Extra money can also be given if a schools’ sales exceed a certain amount(quota). 3) Corporate-sponsored educational materials and programs Sponsored educational materials include free or low-cost items which can be used for instruction. Examples of these may include; multimedia teaching kits, videotapes, software, books, posters, activity sheets, and workbooks. While some of these materials may be ad-free, others may contain advertising for the producer of the item, or they may contain biased information aimed at swaying students towards a company’s product or service. 4) Corporate-sponsored contests and incentive programs This is where students compete for prizes by selling, buying or collecting labels for a certain product. These contests and incentive programs bring brand names into the schools along with the promise of such rewards as free pizzas, cash, points towards buying educational equipment, or trips and other prizes. 5) Ads in classroom materials and programs Ads in classroom materials include any commercial messages in magazines or video programming used in school. A perfect example of this type of advertising is â€Å"Channel One†. Channel One is a 12-minute daily news show for students in grades 6 through 12 that includes two minutes of age-appropriate ads for products like jeans and soft drinks. In exchange for airing the program each day at the same time for three years, Channel One gives schools a satellite dish, a cable hookup, a television monitor for each classroom, and an agreement to service the equipment for the three years. While some state school systems had originally said ‘No’ to Channel One, the company reports to be present in some 350,000 classrooms. So what types of guidelines are set to insure that in-school advertising is done correctly and does not become overly exploited? Those who support the call for guidelines include educational groups such as the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, The National Parent Teacher Association, and the National Education Association. The Society of Consumer Affairs Professionals in Business(SOCAP) and Consumers International are two consumer interest groups that have formulated guidelines for sponsored materials. These guidelines suggest that†¦ † †¦ education materials should be accurate, objective, clearly written, nondiscriminatory, and noncommercial. † (Karpatkin & Holmes) In dealing with the issues of in-school commercialism, Karpatkin & Holmes suggest a three-pronged approach that includes: * Reviewing all sponsored materials and activities and holding them to the same standards as other similar items by using the SOCAP guidelines. * Pursuing noncommercial partnerships with businesses and rejecting the notion that it is ethical to bring advertising into the schools to provide materials or funds. * Begin the teaching of media literacy in elementary school, to educate children to be critical readers of advertising, propaganda, and other media messages. Groups that support advertising in schools have very strong arguments to back their case. It seems that there is a large area for investment in advertising in schools. It also appears that if handled correctly, advertising techniques in schools can lead to the raising of an overall helpful, efficient way to ‘fundraise’. Although advertising in schools may bring needed increases in funds, it is not without controversy. Many people are opposed to advertising in schools. They feel that children are being exploited for profit because big companies feel students are a captive, impressionable audience. Is there any way to balance the true goals and purposes of advertising in schools? Perhaps the best way is to have each school decide what amount and types of advertising in their schools is acceptable. And although advertising in schools seems to be a great way of obtaining funds for school activities, every school board should definitely be sure they know what they are getting into before signing any contracts with big time corporations. In-school Advertising Grace Farrell Promotional Strategy Dr. Peyton 12/02/02 Bibliography Chaika, Gloria. Education World. 1998 Education World. Consumers Union Education Services(CUES). 1990. Selling America’s Kids: Commercial Pressures on Kids of the 90’s. Yonkers, N. Y. Karpatkin, Rhoda, H. and Anita Holmes. 1995. Making schools ad-free zones. Educational Leadership 53(Sep, 1):72-76. McNeal, James U. 1990. Kids as customers. New York: Lexington Books. McNeal, James U. â€Å"Planning Priorities for Marketing to Children†. The Journal of Business Strategy. 1991. Advertising in Schools. (2016, Oct 18).

Moral Problems Raised by the Immoralists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moral Problems Raised by the Immoralists - Essay Example In this argumentative essay, I will focus on finding out whether Plato provide adequate solution to the moral problems raised by immoralists and whether he provides good reasons to suggest that the good life is the best life (Melchert, 45) Plato’s dialogue referred to as Euthyphro brings out a discussion that occurred between Socrates and his counterpart, Euthyphro. The dialogue concerns the meaning of piety, as brought out by Socrates asking the meaning of piety, as well as impiety. He tries to clearly find out this virtue which he mostly regards as a manner of living that brings satisfaction to one’s duty both to gods and to humanity, this he affirms by saying â€Å"that which is considered holy by God is piety† This is of concern with respect to the fate of Socrates, who as seen from the dialogue has been accused of impiety and is thus is almost to be tried before the Athenian court in order to establish his guilt or innocence of the crime accused to him. His consistent argument is based on the opinion that the Athenian societies generally did not comprehend the real nature of either devotion or wickedness (Melchert, 18). This is observed when Socrates asks Euthyphro to reply to the question â⠂¬Å"What is piety?† He has an aim in doing this, for Euthyphro, a sophist, claims to be wise concerning such issues, while in the case of Socrates is making no such claim for himself but professes to just be ignorant. Socrates tries to find out how wise Euthyphro, and if not to the given standard, he will expose the shallowness of his claim. The statement of Socrates saying, â€Å"In cannot assent to your superior wisdom†. Euthyphro is seen to have the fame of being a wise individual, a mystic, and a fortuneteller. Being a teacher, he provides instructions on moral and political matters, as Socrates states, â€Å"I have become your disciple. You Mellitus, as I shall say to him, acknowledge Euthyphro to be a great theologian, and sound in his opinions†, (Plato’s Republic, 34).

American society and its laws Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American society and its laws - Case Study Example That power can mean those with money and influence in high places who have access to those who formulate the laws and rules [governmental bodies] they see as being in their favor. Or, it can mean a group that does not necessarily have financial power, but power nonetheless in sufficient numbers to influence those who make laws and rules. This type of influence can be seen in lobby groups whose power may lie in their association with a powerful entity, or, the influence may lie with a group large enough to have a negative effect on, say, a politician’s reelection goals if the politician does not promote the law they see as beneficial to their cause. At times those in power seek to create laws and rules that benefit the less powerful, but the act of getting the law or rule passed is still a function of their power. In general, laws are made to maintain order within the culture as perceived at times by special interests and at times by the wider group. Both can be discriminatory and/or can attempt to alleviate discrimination, depending upon the law, who it affects, and whether or not it singles out certain groups and inhibits or restricts their life and behavior. Unfortunately, â€Å"Racism, sexism, heterosexism and class privilege...[when it comes to law and rule making] create a system of advantage and disadvantage that enhances the life chances of some while limiting the life chances of others† (Rothenberg 117). This system has been in place since the beginning and is typified by Thomas Jefferson’s advocacy of a white yeoman class of small farmers who, as property owners, had a vested interested in preserving law and a role in administering it at the expense of poor whites destined to remain the downtrodden labor force. (Rothenberg, from Buck, Contructing Race and Creating White Privilege 35) Alarmingly not much has changed since that time. According to Pharr, the U.S. continues to promote a

Richard Arkwright Point of View Essay Essay Example for Free

Richard Arkwright Point of View Essay Essay I, Richard Arkwright, believe that child labor is not only an acceptable practice to allow, but also a necessary one. In many cities there are not enough local people to supply a factory owner, such as myself, with the workers needed to meet demand, and therefore the employment of child labor is needed. I myself come from a poor family that could not afford to send me to school. Instead, I was taught my reading and writing by my dear cousin Ellen. Despite my lack of schooling, I went from being a barber’s apprentice worth  £5 to being a factory owner worth  £500,000! Having to work instead of going to school does not condemn one to poverty for life! I would never employ a worker over the age of forty. My machines need to be managed by young workers who do not have a family or other obligations besides working at my factories. Therefore, without hiring children, there is a limited number of laborers to chose from. Here in Cromford, there are barely enough locals to supply me with the labor I need, so child labor is necessary. Child labor supplies families with another paycheck that they rely on, which is money that would not be coming in if that child was not allowed to work. In hard times like these, everyone in the family must help to support each other. If not, I believe that poverty in this country would increase greatly. I pay my workers up to five-pence and no more. I must keep this admittedly low wage because with all of my workers, even this adds up! If I want to make a profit, I have to keep this wage as it is, especially with the Water-Frame becoming more and more popular every day. The larger the demand on my product, the more labor I need to meet that demand. Two thirds of my 1,900 workers are children, and without them, my business would surely fail. The children who work in my factories get paid the money that helps to keep their families in their homes, and they give me the labor I need to keep my business going. Child labor is not only acceptable, but a necessary thing to allow.

Video Games: The High Tech Threat To Our Younger Generation Essay

Video Games: The High Tech Threat to Our Younger Generation Anyone who has ever walked through a shopping mall on a weekend knows how popular videogame arcades have become with our young people. It is becoming a force in the lives of millions of kids all across America. Parents and teachers become more concerned and worried when they see their kids devoted to videogames. They are highly concentrated because vidiogames greatly influence the mental and learning processes of the younger generation. Many parents believe that their children learn values more from the mass media rather than their from homes. Generally speaking, the video and computer game industry has been a growing concern to the religious groups, responsible politicians and bewildered parents for the disturbing contents and the substandard themes in some of its games. The videogame technology must be recognised for its role and influence on the younger generation because, for better or worse, it clearly affects their academic and social life. Indeed, statistics are really alarming on the videogame industry. It is a multi-million dollar business growing at 40 per cent a year from 1987 to 1993 (Palmeri 102). Tetzeli in his article "Videogames: Serious Fun" compares videogames $ 6.5 billion--a--year business to the Hollywood film industry (110). He continues to point out that two Japan based conglomerate have put about 64 million videogame machines in US households in total. In addition to that they also produced and licenced for all their softwares for their machines (110). Palmery estimates to produce and market a ful featured videogame it would costs up to $10 million (102). Because of the cost producers attempt to make a return on their investments and earn as much profits as they can. To achieve their goals, they feature more blood, gore and human dismemberment in their games to appeal to the younger generation because violence sells. According to Palmery the game Mortal Kombat has sold a record 5 million copies for about$65 apiece.(102) The advanced technology in upcoming videogame machines even allows the players to interact with screen images in ways never before possible. Analysts in this field say that it is only a prelude to the emerging world-wide network popularly known as the electro... ...which would require the stores to place signs on shelves in stating : "Warning. Think before you buy. This is a war toy. Playing with it increases anger and violence in children. Is this what you really want for your child? (WAR TOYS). Which may not be very effective altogether to control the vidiegames with violent contend. But still the warning gives a chance and may be the parents pause a moment before they decide to buy any thing for their offspring. Voluntary rating system or any other form of self regulatory arrangement will only help to widen the loop holes of the existing system. By including this multi billion dollar industry under the existing film rating system or something similar to that would greatly reduce the risk of violence and ultimately would prevent the youths on turning for violent solution for all their problems. And also would help to form a violent free life style and prevent the younger generation and spend their quality time with their studies and parents. All other arrangements will, at least help us to further delay the process of controlling the emerging violent theme and content of the many thousands of videogames yet to be produced or released.

A Little Wiggle Room

Today we will be looking at two articles written by University of California Psychology Director Craig Haney.   He specializes in the assessment of institutional environments especially the psychological effects of incarceration.He has written several scholarly articles and is involved in many research projects mostly specializing in the effect of incarceration and overcrowding, making headway into the understanding of the effect an overtaxed system has on an individual.He looks at issues such as recidivism, prison violence, mental and emotional disorders and the long term effect of solitary or supermax facilities when inflicted on lower security inmates due to overpopulation.In these two articles entitled â€Å"The Wages of Prison Overcrowding† and â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions† I believe Haney tries to not only explain the great toll that overcrowding has on an individual as well as the taxpayer, but offers solutions to ease out of the current trend spending more tax dollars converting facilities into sleeping quarters.â€Å"There is a clear association between the restriction of living space and the occurrence of disciplinary violations.† (Haney 2)   Haney goes on to point out the fact that when a prison is filled beyond its capacity, there is less of everything to go around, causing hoarding, violence and tension between prisoners.Prisoners are forced to do without basic necessities such as showers and toilets being forced to wait for availability increasing tension inside the facility.Guards are left unable to control the already agitated population caused when people who may already be lacking social skills necessary to function in everyday life are forced to live in close quarters with others.   The current solution most prisons call for is more staff, better armaments for the staff, and better punitive measures with which to control the inmates, making the prison more painful and h armful to the inmates.Areas normally reserved for recreational facilities make way for bed space with basic security contributing to inmate idleness and inactivity further worsening the problem.The prisoners are left with less to do and less outlets for releasing tension, the rates of prisoner animosity towards each other rises, as well as towards the guard’s.Facilities generally used to rehabilitate prisoners, such as education and prison work facilities are transformed into bed space, leaving prisoners with unfilled needs, adding to the problem of recidivism.He has shown that a majority of prisoners read at or below a third grade level calling them â€Å"marginally literate† (Haney 5) and points out they leave prison in very much the same condition.Unprepared and therefore unable to function as normal productive citizens with a lack of education and basic job skills, they return to their old ways and end up back inside the system in much the same condition they left prison in.  In his articles Haney attempts to inform not just his fellow scholars, but also the individual states and penal systems on the effects they are having on the people theYincarcerate.How being pushed through a system too overworked to notice a prisoner with special needs such as mental of emotional disabilities can have a serious effect on the people they are forced to live in close quarters with.   This eventually leads to a breakdown of the prisoner moral, leading to dissention, and prison violence.These articles are a great starting point for any discussion into prison life, recidivism, prison overcrowding or assessments on how tax dollars should be spent.   I share the author’s belief that if nothing is done and eventual breakdown of the prison system is inevitable.He points out that the current solution, bringing in more weapons and more brutal tactics by guards can have an even worse effect on the individual prisoner, causing low risk inmates into recidi vism.   Tactics that enforce order and control over inmates rather than improving living conditions often worsen violence inside prison walls.Rather than deal with the issues that caused the potential violence in the first place they fight fire with fire.  Ã‚   While (overcrowding) â€Å"is not the only cause of the sometimes dangerous conditions and potential for abuse that exists in many of our nation’s prisons, it is a central and critical issue that must be effectively addressed if these other problems are to be solved.† (Haney 12)SourcesHaney, Craig. â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reactions.† prisoncommission.org. 2 Nov 2008. Commission of Safety and Abuse inAmericas Prisons. 3 Feb. 2009 Haney, Craig. â€Å"The Wages of Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Psychological  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consequences and Dysfunctional Correctional Reactions.† http://law.wustl.edu/. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dec. 2008. Washington U niversity Law School. 3 Feb. 2009.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Eye Witness Testimony Essay

â€Å"Eyewitness testimony is so unreliable that it should never be used in convicting criminals†. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. It refers to; an account given by person(s) of an event they’ve witnessed. Eyewitness testimony is admissible in a court of law to assist in the conviction of individuals. In 1976, the Devlin report examined over 2000 identity parades in the U. K. Of the 2000 parades, 45% resulted in a suspect being identified and out of these, 82% were eventually convicted of a crime. In over 300 cases, the eyewitness testimony was the sole â€Å"evidence† used in conviction. 4% of these 300 cases resulted in criminal convictions. The significance of eyewitness testimony was highlighted in this report and resulted in much more research being undertaken. Cohen describes â€Å"erroneous eyewitness testimony† as being the â€Å"leading cause of wrongful conviction†. The multi store /Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model was first recognised in 1968 by Atkinson and Shiffrin. The model attempts to identify the process that a stimulus must go through to become a retrievable memory. After being criticised for its supposed simplicity, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory model. Both of these models propose that memory is a complex phenomenon that must go through numerous stages to become an accurately recalled memory. It is this process that offers explanation into the complexity of memory and the many areas that may result in memory confabulation. The Psychology of Rumour study by Allport & postman’s (examined latter) also alludes to memory being more complex than previously thought and strengthens the theory that memory is a process as opposed to a simplistic film. Sir Frederic Bartlett, (1932) introduced the theory of â€Å"Reconstructive memory† & â€Å"schemas† to Psychology. Schemas where defined by Mike Cardwell as; â€Å"packages of information† or â€Å"unconscious mental structures†. These mental structures are acquired through our experiences, or as a result of our expectations and cultural norms. Bartlett proposed that people use schemas constantly to complete tasks and to assist in making sense of our surroundings. The theory of schemas also suggests that there are gaps in a person’s memory that are filled with confabulated information when reconstructed. Sir Bartlett (1973) devised an experiment to investigate the effects of schemas on people’s memories. Twenty participants read a story called; â€Å"The War of the Ghosts†. The story was culturally different western literature, and was difficult for them to comprehend. After some time, the participants were asked to repeatedly recall the story in as much detail as possible. After recalling the same story six times, once even a year later, participants accidentally shortened the story from 330 words to an average of 180. Participants also altered parts of it to better suit their westernized culture. A conclusion of this experiment is that Memory recall is influenced by our schemas of cultural background and pre-existing knowledge. The experiment has been criticised for a lack of objectivity, being lax on variable control and casual conditions. However, the experimenter’s findings were also strengthened by Cromberg et al whom in 1996 interviewed people one year after plane crash. Of the 193 questioned, 55% falsely said that they had seen the plane hit the building and 59% inaccurately reported that a fire had started immediately on impact. Allport and Postman (1947) conducted a study titled: â€Å"Psychology of Rumour† with participants who were all white. They were shown a picture of an argument between a black man and a white man on a train. The white man is holding a razor and threatening the black man aggressively. The participants were divided into groups of seven. One participant from each group was shown the picture and asked to describe it to the second participant, who described it to the third, and so forth. Over half the participants who received the final description reported that the black man, not the white was holding the razor. This was false and shows that memory is susceptible to alteration by our own biases and prejudices within society. This experiment has been at the forefront of the interface between law and psychology. The findings have been repeatedly relayed in courts of law to express the unreliability of eyewitness testimony. However, inaccurate accounts of the procedures and implications of the study have been substantially misunderstood and distorted. Language is very important in eyewitness testimony; the way that memory is retrieved from a witness strongly affects what that person recalls. Loftus proposed that witnesses could accept false information which would dramatically affect the reliability of their testimony. This is called: â€Å"misinformation acceptance† and May happen in a post event situation such as being interviewed. Loftus believed some interviews contained â€Å"leading questions†. A leading question is defined as a question that is phrased in a way as to influence or prompt a specific form of answer. To test weather leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony, Loftus and palmer (1974) conducted the: â€Å"Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction† experiment. Forty five American students were split into 5 subgroups. After being shown various car collisions on slides that were dependant variables for each group, Participants were instructed to answer questions on what they had witnessed. The groups where asked to estimate the speed of the cars before they either: â€Å"hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted†. Each subgroup was asked the same question but with different verbs (the independent variable. ) A week later participants were also asked questions such as; â€Å"Did you see any broken glass? † when none such existed. The findings of this experiment were that the verb used to describe the collision affected the participants speed estimate given. The Biasing questions which they answered systematically affected the participant’s memory of the accident. The participants in the â€Å"smashed† condition reported the highest speeds, followed by â€Å"collided†, â€Å"bumped†, â€Å"hit†, and â€Å"contacted† in descending order. The â€Å"smashed† group also had more participants reporting to have seen glass when there was none. This experiment shows that memory is easily distorted by questioning techniques and information can be accepted post event causing confabulated memory. Strengths of this experiment are that it was conducted within a controlled environment and has serious implications for interviewing witnesses. However there is weakness’s to the experiment such all participants were students and not a wide range of people. Also, the collisions where viewed on video not in real life. Videos may lack the emotional impact caused when witnessing a real-life accident Loftus et al (1978) proposed that emotion can affect memory. Loftus stated that emotional arousal during an event can lead to a reduction in accurate memory recall. Loftus et al conducted an experiment of the effect of emotion on memory by showing two films of an armed robbery to participants. One film was violent, the other was nonviolent. They then tested the participant’s memories for details of what they had witnessed. The findings showed that the high-arousal version of a young boy being shot and falling to the floor, led to impaired memory recall. This was when compared to the low-arousal version. These findings show that emotions can affect memory. This experiment is lab based and findings may be difficult to transfer into real-life environment. However, being conducted in a controlled environment gives it enhanced ecological validity. Peters (1988) supported Yerkes & Dodson that illustrated an optimum level of emotional arousal enhanced memory. Peters found that when receiving inoculations in a clinic (an anxiety generating event) patients found it difficult in accurately identifying the nurse who issued their jab. One can conclude that this was due to the high levels of arousal surrounding the participant during the time of the jab. There is conflicting evidence weather emotions strengthen or weaken the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies. However, both theories support the idea that emotion has an effect on memory. Eastbrook (1959) proposed that arousal narrows the focus of attention. This causes improved memory for central details but impaired memory for peripheral details. Another factor that affects the reliability of eyewitness testimony while witnessing an event is the: â€Å"weapons focus affect†. Weapon focus refers to the concentration of attention on a weapon by the witnesses of a crime. Loftus et al claimed that this diverted their attention and resulted in a reduction of remembering many other details of the crime or criminal. Loftus (1979) conducted an experiment to study whether the presence of a weapon in an emotionally heightened state could affect eyewitness memory. Participants believed they were waiting to participate in a memory study and were waiting outside a laboratory. As they waited, participants in â€Å"condition 1† overheard a staged yet civil conversation coming from a room regarding equipment failure. A man then exited the room with a greasy hand holding a pen. Condition 2 participants were also privy to a staged conversation from an unseen room. This conversation was â€Å"hostile† and was accompanied by the sound of breaking class and broken furniture. A man then exited the room holding a blood covered knife. Participants were asked to identify the men they saw from fifty photographs. Condition one participants accurately identified the man 49% of the time. However, condition two participants were able to accurately identify the man only 33% of the time. From these results, Loftus concluded that presence of a weapon and a hostile confrontation affected witness’s ability to identify the individual. They were unable to focus attention on the man because more attention was concentrated on the weapon. This study is important in demonstrating the impact a weapon has on the reliability of eyewitness’s testimony. However, there have been many criticisms of these experiments. No distinction is made as to whether the hostile experience affected participant’s memories or simply the weapon. There are also huge concerns over the ethics of this experiment, participants could have been psychologically damaged by the experience and were unable to withdraw from it as they were unaware it had already begun. This experiment was conducted under controlled conditions within a controlled environment; this strengthens the information obtained by increasing the ecological validity of the experiment. The findings are less transferable to real life situations. Chrstianson & Hubinette (1993) demonstrated that in real life settings, memory can be accurate with acute stress. Eyewitness testimony is heavily dependent upon face recognition, and so the study of this subject has acute implications in understanding how reliable memories of faces are. Research shows that people have difficulty accurately recognizing individual members of a different race. One explanation for this is that we use specific features to distinguish between members of our own race and those features are not always present between other races. In a study done by Platz and Hosch, (1986) convenience store clerks were asked to identify three customers: one white, one black, and one Mexican American, all of whom stopped in the store earlier that day. The results of the study showed that each of the clerks identified customers belonging to their own race accurately, but when attempting to identify members of the other races, they stated â€Å"they all look alike. † Cross-Race Identification Bias demonstrates how prone people are to making false identifications when asked to identity people from a different racial or ethnic background other than their own. This research offers some support to the existence of cross-race identification bias. However the experiment has many weaknesses; the participants may have seen many people that day and it’s unclear whether they were briefed prior to the experiment. This experiment has enhanced ecological validity because it is set in one environment. There are many independent variables within this research that if altered, may dramatically distort the previous findings. Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed the cognitive interview† This is a specialised interviewing technique designed to increase the accuracy of information given and minimise false testimony. The interviewer attempts to eradicate all verbal & nonverbal responses that may affect the witness’s testimony. This is to avoid the â€Å"Clever Hans† effect where a witness’s may pick up cues. There are four basic principles of the cognitive interview; firstly to report everything; all details of an event, i ncluding information deemed irrelevant. Mental reinstatement of original context is another; the interviewee mentally recreates the incident fully. The interviewer may also change the timeline of events by reversing the events in order. Finally, the interviewee is instructed to imagine how other witnesses saw the incident. A meta-analysis found in 53 cases, an average increase of 34% in correct event recognition compared to a non-cognitive interview. However this was conducted within a laboratory not a real-life setting. Mine & Bull (2002) decided to test each of the four cognitive principles separately. Participants were interviewed with one cognitive principal as compared to the four. Recall of accurate information was broadly similar to other participants in a control group who were informed to â€Å"try again†. However, when participants were interviewed using a combination of the cognitive principles their components were significantly higher. Extremely young and old people tend to have an increased susceptibility to suggestion (Ceci & Bruck, 1993; Cohen & Faulkner, 1989) as well as those whom score high on measures of dissociation. It is clear that eyewitness testimony is not as reliable as a means of conviction as generally thought due to many various factors. There is however many improvements and safe guards that can be utilized to improve the reliability of eyewitness testimony such as; performing cognitive interviews and using multiple testimonies. Key factors such as: age, race, and the emotional stimulus of an event should be taken into account. Eyewitness testimony is a vital tool in convicting criminals but may not be accurate enough as a sole means of conviction.

John Edgar Hoover essays

John Edgar Hoover essays Born on New Years Day in 1895 in Washington, D.C., to Dickerson Naylor Hoover and Annie Marie Scheitlin Hoover, John Edgar Hoover was destined to be one of the most powerful men in the world, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He is remembered for fighting gangsterism during the Prohibition era (1919-1933) and for a vigorous anti-Communist campaign after World War II. He received an LL.B. from George Washington University and a masters degree in law in 1917. While he was attending night school there, Hoover worked at the Library of Congress for five years. After rising from the position of messenger to clerk, he left the Library of Congress and began work with the Department of Justice in 1919 and stayed there for two years as special assistant to the Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer. As Palmers assistant, Hoover directed the Palmer Raids against suspected radical communist aliens. When he was thirty years old, perhaps younger, he earned the title of Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He held the appointment through eight presidents until 1972 when he died. When Hoover joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation, there were around six hundred and fifty employees, including 441 Special Agents. Upon arrival, he proceeded to fire all of the Agents that he considered unqualified and professionalize the organization. Hoover also abolished the seniority rule of promotion and introduced uniform performance appraisals. Regular inspections of Headquarters and field office operations were scheduled. New Agents had to be between twenty-five and thirty-five years old. Then, in January of 1928, Hoover established a formal training course for new Agents. He also returned to the earlier preference for Special Agents with law or accounting experience. He also realized that the Federal Bureau of Investigation could not fight crime without the help of the public. In 1925, he wrote to the Attorney Gener...

Smoke-free campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoke-free campus - Essay Example dures outlined in a handbook, cigarette smoke was hazardous to the environment and a health risk, which called for an attempt to make the university a tobacco-free area (The University of Texas at San Antonio web). The attempt by the administration to make the university a tobacco-free zone was promoted by the health risks associated with tobacco product. The association of medical associates in the campus on cancer came up with the proposal regarding cancer reduction caused by tobacco smoking. The administration faculty in the institution recommended that a transition campaign for one year aimed at banning smoking behavior to be conducted. The decision was highly supported by the president Ricardo Romo, and the campus committee responsible for management operations. The transition-period approach was supported by researches from other universities since it facilitates cultural and behavior change. Drug use restriction started on June 1st, 2013 and included all the staffs, non-staffs and all the visitors who were visiting the school. The initial step on the transition period that started from 1st June, 2013 to 31st May, 2014 was to define the products which were associated with tobacco required that use of tobacco and its products to be restricted in the main campus and the sub-branches campuses. A responsibility was bestowed to all units in the university responsible for organizing events to always ensure that the participants in the events complied with the laid down regulations. In addition, a transition group to enforce the campaign had a duty to educate the community around the institutions on the negative effects of consuming tobacco related products. New students and staffs who were to be enrolled in the university were to be made aware of the existence of the tobacco-free policy during their first steps of enrollment and their duty to abide with the rules. Individuals outside the institution were informed of the policy through digital messaging, use of

Mexican Americans in World war I and World war II Research Paper

Mexican Americans in World war I and World war II - Research Paper Example Introduction United Sates of America is an amazing blend of different cultures. The demographic profile is very diverse having multi-cultural and multi-lingual identities. These identities generally include Hispanic and Latino Americans, American Indians, Asian, Black or African Americans and other Pacific Islanders. In United States, Mexican Americans basically involve those inhabitants living in America having Mexican Descent. This ethnic group makes up 16.3% of the total population of United States in 2010. Mexican Americans include 66% Hispanic and Latinos as well. United States is considered the second largest home for this community. A great portion of this community also resides in Canada. In 2008 there were about 7 million Mexican Americans who were undocumented but living in United States. Most of these people are the successors of native Mexicans. Some also belong to Europeans especially the Spaniards. The history of this ethnic group is wide ranging. It is round about four hundred years old. The history varies from one region to another. In the early 1900, there were so many Hispanics residing in New Mexico, Texas and California. Most of them were the successors of native Mexican, European and Spanish settlers. These settlers arrived to this region during Spanish colonial periods. So, the lineage of Mexican Americans can be traced back to early settlers of the colonial periods. History of Mexican Americans’ Contribution to US Cause It is the history of Mexican Americans that they always served United States especially in war conditions. When we look at history, we can observe that in 1861 when civil conflicts erupted in America, the Mexican Americans predominantly those situated in Texas at that time served directly or indirectly for the betterment of US. They also worked and participated voluntarily in Union Army and several other units. 10,000 personnel also served in the regular army. This ethnic group always showed extraordinary commitment and horsemanship. To facilitate their efforts, the US government had also set up four companies to utilize maximum from their services. Medal of Honors were also established by the government to facilitate those who risk their lives for their country. Hispanic and Mexican Americans received these honors for their commendable services in Civil War. Till 1898, the two previously mentioned ethnic groups scattered across the country as regular army officers and created a small, yet professional composition of personnel. Mexican Americans: Great Contributors to America’s Defense History reveals the truth that there were several Mexican Americans who served in First and Second World War with great devotion. Not only men but women also participated equally. Many men and women served in armed forces with their maximum possible dedication and loyalty. John P. Schmal writes about the publication of Defense Department. This publication declared â€Å"when our country has been in need, Hispanic Americans have had more than their share of stouthearted, indomitable men. Their intrepid actions have been in the highest tradition- a credit to themselves, their ancestry, and our nation.† So, Mexican Americans were the people who had greatly risked their lives to save and combat United States. While talking about American men during World War II, Richard Santillan mentioned that Mexican American clearly distinguished during combats for United States. They were so devoted and loyal to the

Biotechnology Aplications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biotechnology Aplications - Essay Example Oral vaccines are the most likely solution used due to rising incidents of diseases in undeveloped countries; where by costs are extreme to extensive immunization. Hereditarily engineered food crops, oftenly fruits or vegetables, which are planned to transmit antigenic proteins arising from transferable pathogens which activates an immune response when injected. A good illustration is patient –specific vaccine for cancer treatment. Tobacco plants with RNA arising from duplicated malignant B-cells are used to make an anti-lymphoma immunization. The resulting protein is utilised in vaccinating the victim as well as boosting their immunity system apart from the cancer (Wozniak & McHugen, 2012). Antibiotics-Sometimes, plants are utilised in production of antibiotics for animal use as well as human use. Using plants to manufacture antibiotics for human beings is less costly due to large production from plants against unit of fermentation, easiness in purification, in addition to reduced danger of contamination as compared to using culture media together with mammalian cells (Wozniak & McHugen, 2012). Flowers-Aesthetic application for example uses transfer techniques as well as gene recognition to improve the smell, size, colour and other flower features. Likewise, other ornamental plants like trees and shrubs have been improved through biotech. Some enhancements such as these resemble those done to crops, for instance improving cold confrontation of a tropical plant to make it adapt to northern gardens (Gaisford & Hobbs, 2001). Production of biofuels-Agriculture as an industry generally plays a key role in the biofuels sector. Genetic engineering as well as enzyme optimization methods are used to come up with more quality feedstock for more effective change as well as advanced BTU outputs from the fuel products. Thus energy-dense and high-yielding crops can reduce relative costs related with transportation and harvesting, leading to fuel products of high

Pearl Harbor in relation to Mission Command Structure Term Paper

Pearl Harbor in relation to Mission Command Structure - Term Paper Example Closely following is the authority and capacity to issue actionable commands within the chain of command in order to accomplish a mission. Team building is a very critical part of every mission because every soldier’s life is put in the hands of others in the course of accomplishing a mission as well as ensuring the teams survival. This need to ensure its own survival by humans led to the formation of groups mainly along family and clan lines. The modern military is a more organized structure with in societies that ensures the survival of their people groups and their interests. In an effort to function efficiently these groups developed structures that ensured its survival and order. Pearl Harbor is a classic example of nations fighting for resources in an effort to further its interests and betterment. Groups in primitive societies merged with other similar groups to increase their capacity to increase in wealth (Black). The same thing still happens to date even after these groups had fully evolved into kingdoms and nations. There their defense systems also evolved into national armies as fighting groups were consolidated into one centralized and formal fighting group. These formal fighting groups fought on behalf of their societies and in return were rewarded with payment in terms of money, recognition and honor. Pearl Harbor was a high and glorious moment in history for the Japanese while it was a low one for the Americans, which plunged both countries into World War II. The success of the Japanese was however short-lived as it did not plan and strategies to destroy the whole naval base which cost them a lot. Many nations have gone into war in an effort to procure the better good of their citizens while many others have forced by circumstances beyond their control to participate in wars. Command therefore originates from

Tasks on Management and Leadership Skills

Tasks on Management and Leadership Skills 1.1 INTRODUCTION: This academic essay is related to strategic management and leadership in McDonalds. The purpose of this assignment is to understand the impact of decision making in an organisation i.e. McDonalds. In this cut throat competition which is prevailing in the market, it is my understanding that leadership and proactive strategy plays vital role in overall organisations success. In addition to this it has become apparent that strategic management and leadership operate at parallel level in an organisation. 1.1.1 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: It deals with the most fundamental and basic question that involve the very existence of the whole organisation and guide the whole companys future. (Mullins,1985) Strategic management entails both strategic planning and implementation, and is the process of identifying and executing the organizations strategic plan, by matching the companys capabilities with the demands of its environment.(Gadiesh and Gilbert, 2001) In laymans term strategic management provides overall direction to the organisation. This in turn entails specifying the organisations mission, vision and objectives, developing plans etc. 1.1.2 LEADERSHIP: Leadership is defined as influence, that is the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievements of the groups mission. Visionary leadership inspires the impossible: fiction becomes truth. (Lynch, 1997) In leadership, people run the organisation to one place or another for the achievement of its objectives. Leadership is a great tool in achieving success for the organization, not just through charisma, but through good judgement,proper motivation of employees effective utilization of materials. 1.1.3 LINK BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: Due to a rapidly changing world, organizations face incredible pressures in delivering immediate results. This necessitates for strategic management because there is a great need to maximize every available resource to achieve the organizations goal. To manage an ever increasing demand for company effectiveness, there is a great need for strategic leadership to approach these conditions priorities. For any ongoing business, it is mainly important to implement strategies through effective leaders. Real strategic leadership means taking responsibility for the future as well as what is happening today. A primary goal of strategic leadership is gaining a better understanding of the business conditions, the environment and the leading indicators that identify new trends and situations that may arise. According to the situation, leadership styles can be varied like autocratic, democratic and charismatic and so on. In any organisation it is required to have a good strategic management with good leadership skills. These two must be in parallel positions for the organizations success. 1.2 LEADERSHIP STYLES ON DIFFERENT SITUATION IN MCDONALDS As I have taken McDonald as case study, I would like to discuss the management style that operates in this company. Based on my understanding, McDonald operates with a Democratic style of management. This realisation comes to me while I am working with the company and it gives freedom and flexibility of change according to different situations. In this style, the employee and people associated with the company have more participatory role in the decision making process. McDonald has a democratic style and there is a less gap between manager and employees. They have two way relationships between them. They have a comfortable working pattern. So the manager can easily get the feedback from the employees. Also on the other hand, the employees understand the situation and they follow the rules without any difficulty. There are same levels of working. According to the different situation they have a different style of leadership. In this particular approach, the store manager has all power to run the branch but still allows employees to share their ideas and insights. Also in McDonald, every employee has a participative role in the decision making process. All employees have to work with their strengths and provide input on how to delegate work within the team. The management gives more importance to work in a team rather than doing individually. In McDonald, ideas move freely amongst the group and discussed openly thus ultimately achieving their objective. This works both ways for the company by fulfilling individual objectives in line with the overall objective of organisation. The management of this organization motivates the employees to do more work by involving them into decisions which really affects the objective of the organisation. This particular approach influences the productivity of employees and they feel important to be a part of the organisation by providing a value. They lead all the employees to the same level and the manager always tries to know the strengths and weakness of employees. To overcome these difficulties, they provide appropriate training career development programmes. McDonald has flexible working hours which provides stress-free environment. They are free to ask with the manager about schedules. The way McDonald management adapts to different situations, a strong relationship is being formed between the subordinates and the managers. 1.2.1 OBJECTIVE OF MCDONALDS: The main objective of McDonald is to make people aware of each product on offer, feel positive about it and remember it. The right message has to be communicated to the right audience through the right media. Because of this, McDonald need to give importance understand the value of both employees and customers. Happy employees serve well and results to satisfied customers. This serves as a win-win situation for both organisation and employee. McDonald has continuously done internal marketing this is important as it precedes external marketing. It goes in line with the ultimate aim of creating not just service leadership but management service. This delivery process is the key to achieving the aim of the company. 1.3 IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON STRATEGIC DECISION: Good leadership is adapting to any changes at any time doing the right things at the right time. Because of democratic style of leadership, employees can work comfortably and they can share their ideas and insights with the management. Also in McDonald, managers effectively delegates work to their subordinates and give them full control and responsibility to the tasks. Managers welcome feedback on the result of initiatives and the work environment. Strategic decision has to be made by leaders who have the ability to take effective decisions and adapt to changes in any situation. Because of democratic leadership, employees and managers easily understand the situation and cope with it. They work freely and comfortably. In McDonald all employees have a right to participate in the objective of organisation. McDonald has a strategic decision which is implicated and formulated by leaders and managers of the organisation. First they decide the future plans and objective of McDonald and how to get there in minimum time. They also motivate people to do more work and they appreciate their work by giving the performance award at the end of month. 1.4 CONCLUSION: From above discussion, I came to a conclusion that in adapting democratic style McDonald is really effective in providing value to employees. Although this style may bring out differences in ideas, it still ends up with formulating a common decision. McDonalds management leadership style is useful as well as to other organisations where managers and employees easily understand the situation and work accordingly. Strategic management and leadership correlates with each other. Without making any effective strategic decision, leadership cannot work and it cannot reach to the final objective of an organisation. 1.5 Bibliography: 1 Gadiesh and gilbert Arit and James(1998)Harvard Buisness Review on Leadership(U.S.A) 2 LYNCH, Richard(1997) Corporate Strategy (third edition published 2003) 3 MULLINS,Laurie (1985) Management and organisational behaviour(Eight edition) 4 http://www.coaching-business-to-sucess.com/leadership-styles.html 5 http://www.scribd.com/doc/36681688/Mcdonalds TASK 2 LEADERSHIP STRATEGY 1 INTRODUCTION: These case will focus on how leadership and management theories emphasis on current thinking on strategic decision in an organization. It is focused on how these theories help the organization to meet success. In leadership strategy, the leaders of the organization should create the unique and valuable market position, while the goal is to support the organization with activities that fit together in a complementary way. In recent years increasing business competitiveness and the need for the most effective use of human resource has focusing attention on how leadership strategy revitalize organizations. Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill levels. There are many theories on leadership that are emerging in todays work environments. While leadership styles may differ, the one thing they all have in common is their objective to lead individuals toward a unified goal. 2 LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES: 2.1 Transformational leadership: Transformational leadership is also known as relationship leadership and it focused upon the connections formed between leaders and followers. It is a process of engendering higher levels of motivation and commitment. The emphasis is on generating a vision for the organization and the leaders ability to appeal to higher ideals and values of followers, and creating a feeling of justice, loyalty and trust. Transformational leadership motivates followers to do more than originally expected and the extent of transformation is measured in terms of the leaders effects on followers. Transformational leadership motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. Leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfil his or her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards. 2.2 Participative leadership: Participative leadership is one that takes the input of others into account. These leadership encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others. Involvement in decision making improves the understanding of the issues involved by those who must carry out the decisions. In this leadership, people are more collaborative when they are working on joint goals. Also in this style, a participative leader, rather than taking autocratic decisions, seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders. Participative leadership is a style of leadership that involves all members of a team in identifying essential goals and developing procedures or strategies for reach those goals. 2.2 Leadership theory work in ALICON company: Alicon group is committed to green environment and is in the process of achieving ISO management systems standard. Alicon group is working with various OEMS on the innovative projects for reducing the weight of Aluminium components for protecting the environment through improving the fuel consumption of vehicles. Alicon group is creating to various domains including Auto, Agriculture, Marine, Medical, Locomotive, Extreme sports and Power sector. Alicon group has been in the forefront in developing new and challenging products for its customers. As Alicon is conducting many sectors, communication is a key element in relationship, and also transpires into key elements for leadership strategies. By practicing outstanding skills, leaders can maintain strong relationships with those they are leading. Alicon generates greater awareness of the products including them to transcend their own self-interests for the sake of the organization. Relationship-building is an important quality for leaders to possess because it builds trust between the followers and the leaders. Leaders of Alicon give special concern to the growth and developmental needs of the followers. Leaders are more likely to give importance towards success, demonstrate self-confidence and emphasis positive aspects of the vision of company. At the end of the month they evaluate performance of the employees and motivate them towards achieving the overall aim of the company, and based on their performance the employees are getting bonus, promotion. By making the right dec isions, they demonstrate their commitment to turning that vision into reality; and by doing so successfully, they instil in the others the confidence to trust in their leadership. On the other hand, in the participative style in Alicon, where the leaders sells the idea to the team. They also describe objectives of the company and they discuss with the team that how to achieve that to meet the companys requirements. In Alicon, participative leadership helps bring more minds together and hence there are more ideas and suggestions that are generated. However because of this style, several people belonging to different levels of activity are asked to contribute to the worth of a particular decision, new ideas emerge. So the decisions become more practical and implement able and creatively rich. In Alicon, there has a less gap between leaders and followers. Since everyone has put in some or the other effort towards the planning process and everyone has a feeling of importance, it is quite evident that they will work towards implementing their own suggestions as well. It becomes easier for leaders to generate results. 2.3 Trait theory: In Alicon, except these two theories, according to me Trait theory work better in an Alicon. The trait model of leadership is based on the characteristics of many leaders, and therefore it is used to predict leadership effectiveness. The most important thing is that it is not responsible to identify whether a person will be a successful leader or not, but they are essentially seen as preconditions that endow people with leadership potential. It can be applied by people at all types of organization. Also managers can know their strengths and weaknesses and thus they get an understanding of how they can develop their leadership qualities. The major advantage is that, company know that which talents leaders have. Even if there are certain inborn qualities that make one a good leader, these natural talents need encouragement and development. Because in this leadership self-confidence is developed, honesty and integrity are a matter of personal choice, motivation to lead comes from within the individual, and the knowledge of business can be acquired. In trait theory, people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioural characteristics shared by leaders. As in Alicon is dealing with so many sectors like auto, sports and power systems, so its necessary to have different skills for different sector. 2.4 CONCLUSION: In general there are lots of theory and all the theories have some effect in and other way on the organisation. Ledaership strategy is very useful in an organisation for both the leaders and followers to communicate with each other. And also it motivate them to reach the goal of an organisation with the use of this theory. And it works towards the satisfaction from the management and leaders. 2.5 Bibliography: 1 http://www.alicongroup.co.in/products.php 2 http://www.strategies-for-managing-change.com/transformational-leadership-theory.html 3 MULLINS,Laurie (1985) Management and organisational behaviour(Eight edition) 4 http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait-theory.htm TASK 3 PLANNING FOR LEADERSHIP 3.1 Introduction: This case will identify the requirements that needed in successful planning for leadership. Also it emphasis plan for development of future situations requiring leadership in this competitive world. Todays world is changing drastically in technology and it affects in the development of leadership skills. A critical skill for leaders is the ability to manage their own learning that the highly motivated, self-directed and satisfied ways to the development of leadership skills. The leaders must be well-planned and they have a strategies to deal with the problems and to overcome with their skills. 3.2 Leadership Requirements: In this modern world, leaders need to have an innate ability to have the courage to make decisions that can take their organisation well ahead of the competition. Leaders need to involved their organisation well ahead of the competition. Leaders need to be co-operative with their staff and gain support and respect of their staff so that they will follow their lead. Talented leaders address the critical issues that are having the biggest impact on positively to their job responsibilities. Successful leaders do not just recommend change and develop new processes, they become the champions of change. Dynamic leaders take a look at what changes need to occur and implement those changes to happen. 3.2.1 E-LAEDERSHIP: E-leadership is similar form of effective leadership. It requires highly participative nature of the e-world between e-organisations and e-customers and the interconnectedness between leader and follower. Being a leader in this modern world, e-leadership takes a closer to each and every activities around the world. In future leader can easily take their organisation towards the success if they have this type of qualities. Change is one of the factor that affect to the development of leadership skills. At the basis of the change is the need for the management to recognise that organisations are in fact social systems and that the emergent technology property of the system, the e-world, needs to be well integrated in whole organisational system itself. Because of e-leadership world becomes closer to the activities and also it is possible to communicate to different countries for the leader and they can easily deal with the activities related to their business. So e-leadership concept h as given more importance in this fast growing world. 3.2.2 Globalisation: Globalization is one of the most important factor in todays world. Because it affects to each and every place also it is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalisation includes technological, economic, political and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. Being an leader, they have to think about the expansion of their business at globally. Also they need to think about how they can expand to their business around the world. Because of globalisation , the number of countries where products can be sold or purchased has increased dramatically and it leads to improvement of international trade. The leaders need to compete globally, governments have upgraded their level of technology. Large companies refer to the countries is called a multinational so there has a increasing influence of multinational companies. Another effect of globalisation is the strengt hening power and influence of international institution such as World Trade Organisation (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World bank(WB).Globalization allows countries to source their manpower in countries with cheap labour. The manpower shortages in Taiwan, south Korea, and Malaysia provide opportunities for labour exporting countries such as the Philippines to bring their human resources to those countries for employment. Also leaders outsource their business processes to other countries so at the end they can achieve their goal. 3.3.3 DIVERSE TEAMS: Each organisation has its own distinctive culture. It is a combination of the founders, past leadership, crises, events, history, and size. These impact individual behaviour on what it takes to be in good standing and directs the appropriate behaviour for each circumstance. Being a leader, they need to know the climate thats the feel of the organisation , the individual and shared perceptions and attitudes of the organisations members. Culture is the nature of the organisation that is a result of long-held formal and informal systems, rules , and customs, while the climate is a short -term phenomenon created by the current leadership. Climate represents the beliefs about the feel of the organisation by its members. The leaders must know that what the people believe about the activities that occur in the organisation. These activities influence both individual and team motivation. Organisational climate is directly related to the leadership and management style of the leader, based on the values, attributes, skills, and actions as well as the priorities of the leader. Culture represents the shared expectations and self-image of the organisation. Individual leaders Cannot create or change culture because culture is the part of the organisation. Culture influences the characteristics of the climate by its effect on actions and thought processes of the leader. 3.3 EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS: The leader must need an effective leadership skills so they can easily communicate with their followers. In this competitive world, it is required to have an efficient qualities in the leader that it help them to do more work and carry a smooth relation with their followers. Because of these leadership skills, leader can take maximum outcome with using minimum resources in an organisation. 3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP SKILLS: There are different methods of developing leadership skills with formal and informal learning style. Leaders are the backbone of an organisation. Because of this leadership skills that they have , they can held seminars, training, self- help projects the leaders can know the picture of their organisation in the future. And according to that they can brief out their staff deeply that how work can be done in a more effective way. 3.4.1 JOB ROTATION: Job rotation means employees are moved between two or more jobs in a planned manner. Job rotation is important in developing leadership skills because it includes the aspects related to work environment also along with other individual attributes . It helps to make satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. A well planned job rotation in an organisation has immense positive impact on job satisfaction. Being a leader, job rotation helps employees to get different experiences and wider variety of skills to enhance job satisfaction. Also it helps to improve poor performance and settling scores from arising organisation politics. 3.4.2 SEMINARS: Seminar means formal presentation by one or more experts in which the attendees are encouraged to discuss the subject matter. Seminars are intergral to most programs so because of this the leaders can know the issues which are raised and they can develop their skills by giving better ideas. The success of the seminar is dependent on the groups ability to work together through intelligent discussion, develop an understanding of the material that the leaders had already think before. 3.4.3 TRAINING: For the leader to develop the skills training helps them that at which level they are standing not matter that how good or bad the leader is but then they will further improve their skills. It involves the acquisition of knowledge, rules or changing attitudes and behaviours through professional development. It helps to adhering a plan for the organisation. Through training leader can improve their quality of work and work life. Also it develop the morale of work force in leader. 3.5 CONCLUSION: To conclude this, leaders required a skills to the betterment of an organisation through different method of developing leadership skills. Comparing to old times there has a competition in the world so leaders must acknowledge certain skills that really useful in an organisation towards the success.